Essay on The Six Day War - 1064 Words

Outline A. Jan-March 1967: 270 border incidents B. May 13 1967: Sadat arrives from Moscow with misinformation about impending Israeli attack. C. May 14, 1967: Israel learns that Egypt is reinforcing troops and are on alert and reinforcing on Sinai Peninsula. D. May 16: Egypt Evicts UN Forces E. May 22, 1967: Egypt closes the Straits of Tiran to Israel, cutting off their supply route to Asia and supply of oil. By international law this is an act of war. F. May 30, 1967: Jordan signs defense treaty with Egypt after Israel had repeatedly asked they remain neutral G. June 3, 1967: Military Buildup H. June 5, 1967 : Six Day War Begins The Six Day War as it became known was the third conflict between Israel and Arab nations. It was†¦show more content†¦On May 15, Anwar Sadat, the Speaker of the National Assembly would visit Moscow, where he would be told by the Soviets that Israel had planned to invade Syria during the May 16 through May 22 time frame, all of this would prove to be false. Soviet intelligence cited the fact that Israeli troops parading in western Jerusalem, for Israel’s Independence Day, were doing so without heavy weapons, which they said were being amassed along the northern border with Syria. The reason as it turns out they were devoid of weaponry during their parades is to ease Arab tensions in the area. Sadat would pass this information along to Egypt and President Nasser, who would then parade Egypt’s forces through Cairo along its way to the Sinai Peninsula (Cleveland, 2009). On May 14, evidence that disputed Soviet information of an Israeli troop buildup along its N orthern border with Syria would be ignored. Gen. Muhammed Fawzi, would tour the area reportedly rife with Israeli troops, only to find none, These findings would be confirmed by the head of Egyptian intelligence, the CIA and U.S. embassy in Cairo, but would be ignored by Nasser and his buildup of troops would continue (www.sixdaywar.org,2010). Israel would put its troops on alert, but sent its diplomats in to service, trying to avert war, or at least showing that they were not interested in a war. But to no avail as Egyptian and Palestinian forces would tripleShow MoreRelated The Six Day War Essay2009 Words   |  9 PagesThe Six Day War Introduction History records the 1967 Arab-Israeli War (Six-Day War) as one of the most memorable on record. Israeli forces delivered a stunning defeat to a coalition of Arab forces that greatly outnumbered the much smaller Israeli force. Victory was made possible by the initial aerial attack launched by Israeli Air Forces. The elements of surprise, stealth, Operational Security (OPSEC), precision planning and flawless execution were essential to victory. The opening aerialRead MoreSix Day War: Operation Moked1372 Words   |  6 Pagesroad in history but it was apparent that their trip was far from over. The day following Israel’s declaration of independence came the 1948 Arab-Israeli War. It was from this war and future conflicts that the Israel’s learned and grew into a formidable force. The constant threat of inhalation served as an excellent motivator and lead to the overwhelmingly successful air campaign, Operation Moked, during the Six Day War. History As the Ottoman Empire came to its end in the first quarterRead MoreThe Six Day War And Its Impact On Arab Nations1811 Words   |  8 PagesThe six-day war can go down in history as one of the worst wars between Israel and one or more Arab countries. The six-day war heavily impacted Israel and the participating Arab countries in many ways. Israeli and Arab relations have never been good, even before Israel was declared an independent state in 1948. The six-day war should not be considered a new war based on its impact, rather it should be considered as a continuation of a constant war between Israel and its surrounding Arab neighborsRead More1967 Six Day War903 Words   |  4 PagesAssess the consequences of the 1967 (Six Day) War for Arab–Israeli relations On the 23rd May 1967, the Israelis declared war on the Arabs due to the blocking of the straits to Israeli shipping. The 1967 Six Day War had a major impact on Arab-Israeli relations. This is due to Israel gaining control over the occupied territories, large increases of Jewish settlement in the occupied territories, the increase of Israeli military in the Middle East. The Israeli occupation of Arab territories had aRead MoreThe Themes Of The Six Day War1608 Words   |  7 Pages The Six-Day War is a conflict that occurred in 1967, it went on from the 5th of June to the 10th of the same month. The war involved Israel, a newly established State, against the United Arab Republic (Egypt and Syria) and Jordan. After the war won by Israel, the Arab community, especially communities of the countries involved, were devastated by the defeat. Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser who had made many promises to his people, later gave a speech informing them that they had lost the warRead MoreThe Arab-Israeli Six Day War791 Words   |  4 PagesThe Arab-Israeli Six Day War began on the 5th of June 1967, with Israel in the position of being surrounded by extremely hostile forces on 3 sides, out numbered in troops and weapons, limited in resources, and a significant possibility of annihilation as a nation. Their selected defensive option was an extremely well planned and exactingly executed pre-emptive strike on the air and ground forces of Iraq, Jordan, Syria, and Egypt . The primary objective was to gain early air superiority, eliminateRead MoreCauses of the Six Day War4151 Words   |  17 PagesWhat were the causes of Israel-Palestine war? TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT AANALYSIS THE CAUSES OF ISRAEL/PALESTINE CONFLICT: THE FIRST INTIFADA 1987-93 DIVIDING THE MAP THE 1948 WAR ZIONISM 1967/OCCUPATION THE ARABS, TERRORISM amp; SECURITY: â€Å"NO SOLUTION† THE WALL/FENCE/BARRIER DELEGITIMIZING THE STATEHOOD DECLARATION BY PALESTINE THE IMPACT OF SCARCE WATER RESOURCES ON THE ARAB-ISRAEL CONFLICT CAMP DAVID FAILURE THE ISRAEL-PALESTINE CONFLICT IS CENTRAL TO THE MILITANTS’ CAUSE Abstract Read MoreSix Day War Research Paper1457 Words   |  6 Pageslatter’s independence and war against the Arabs. Israel became one of the major American allies in the Middle East, and the United States government readily provided extensive economic and military support. The first instance of this support was in 1962, when the Kennedy administration sold Hawk missiles to Israel. Since then, â€Å"over $100 billion†¦ of military aid and technology transfers to Israel†¦ over the past half century† have occurred and allowed Israel to â€Å"wage aggressive wars to dominate its neighborsRead MoreThe Six Day War : Causes And Effects1909 Words   |  8 Pages The Six Day war was a decisive battle along religious, economic, and social lines. This conflict between Israel and the Arab world is not just one of long standing hate, it spans economic and nationalistic ideals. The Six day war itself was merely a consequence of the preconditions already laid in place. This paper will explore the Six Day War as well as its causes and effects. It is not entirely feasible to discuss every single precondition that leads to the war as that would require exploringRead MoreSix Days by Jeremy Bowen Essay849 Words   |  4 PagesBowen details the happenings between Israel and Palestine. This Middle East war sparked much debate throughout the world especially amongst historians. Bowen uses this work as a personal recount of the six days that shaped the world as it is today. Bowen, an experienced BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation) journalist and editor, presented the world with the Radio 4 series which allowed listeners to learn of the Six Day war. Through a detailed assessment of Bowens words readers of the book are able

Essay about Value Chain Analysis - 1201 Words

Value Chain Analysis Many organizations do not achieve the profits they anticipate by using incorrect methods or models to determine the true costs of products and services. This failure to correctly assess the costs associated with business not only affects the profit margin, but the organizations competitive advantage as well. In order to asses whether the organization is failing to realize optimum resource allocation, the organization should look at the methodology first popularized by Michael Porter titled the Value Chain Analysis (VCA). VCA seeks to define the entire chain through which goods are supplied to a customer (Booth, 1997, 2). The VCA can be a powerful tool in increasing an organizations competitive advantage; by†¦show more content†¦Stabell and Fjeldstad (1998), stated that inbound logisitics can even even apply to technology as inbound logistics can be Â…receiving, storing, and disseminating inputs to the product (p 417). Inbound logistics could be simplified by stating that it is the most basic requirement to begin the organizations processes; be it raw materials, patients, customers, or inputs. Let us assume that the organization is going to develop a new technology for physicians. The organization is going to develop a form of wireless PDA that is about the size of a clipboard. Instead of carrying a paper file into every patient appointment, the doctor will have this smart-pad that they can use to input patient data. Throughout the day, the physician hooks up the smart-pad to his office PC through a USB cable, and the information is transmitted into the patient history. Inbound logistics would include identifying what materials will be needed as well as what software will be needed to support the new technology. Inbound logistics would need to determine what components will be outsourced, which will be built in-house, and what software will be needed to support the new technology. Once all steps of inbound logistics have been completed, the next step in the value chain is Operations. Operations involves the activities used in transforming theShow MoreRelatedValue Chain Analysis1651 Words   |  7 Pagesorganization should adopt the various application of information technology. This will put the organization at the forefront in terms of innovation as well as give the organization a competitive advantage (Hitt amp; Robert, 2011, p.10). Value chain analysis is a model that was developed by Michael Porter to help an organization develop a strategy for its organization. Michael porter suggested that organization activities can be grouped into two major categories which include the following; primaryRead MoreValue Chain Analysis And Analysis1589 Words   |  7 Pagesdiscuss and explore the value chain analysis and the internal analysis in the strategic management. The focus of this report is to study the value chain analysis in detail along with the advantages and disadvantage of the value chain analysis. Also, the internal analysis is also discussed along with its pros and cons and the SWOT analysis of Next Plc. This report also discusses the way in which organizational resources are mixed to develop company’s abilities, Value Chain Analysis Keane (2008) statedRead MoreAn analysis of porters value chain1188 Words   |  5 Pagesfirms can gain a competitive advantage, it is useful to model the firm as a chain of value creating activities. For this purpose, Porter identified a range of interrelated generic activities common to a wide range of firms. The resulting model is known as the value chain. According to Porter (1985), Competitive Advantage arises out of the way firms organise and arrange discrete activities. Through using the Value Chain, the activities performed by a firm competing in a particular industry canRead MoreValue Chain Analysis For Costco1000 Words   |  4 PagesThe purpose of this paper is to do a value chain analysis of Costco, identify their resources and capabilities, to conduct a SWOT analysis to identify the opportunities in which they are lagging and to form a strategy to move forward using the recourses and capabilities in the direction of utilizing those opportunities. Value Chain Analysis for Costco Conducting a value chain analysis provides a snapshot for identifying a firm’s relative competitive performance, core competencies, and for focusingRead MoreSwot Analysis : Value Chain1514 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Value chain analysis has proven to be a useful tool for knowing how an organization can create the greatest value for its customers. Michael Porter (1985) in his book competitive advantage states that â€Å"understanding how a business creates value are essential elements for developing a competitive advantage.† [1]. According to porter (1985) value chain is â€Å"the process view of an organization, the idea of seeing an organization as a system, made up of subsystems each with inputs, transformationRead MoreCompany Analysis : Value Chain Analysis Essay1291 Words   |  6 PagesValue chain represents the internal activities a firm engages in when transforming inputs into outputs. Value chain analysis is a process where a firm identifies its primary and support activities that add value to its final product and then analyze these activities to reduce costs or increase differentiation. Value chain analysis is also a strategy tool used to analyze internal firm activities. Its goal is to recognize, which activities are the most valuable (i.e. are the source of cost or differentiationRead MoreValue Chain Analysis of Aggreko2672 Words   |  11 PagesUniversity of Stirling Pre-Masters Skills for Business Environment Value chain analysis of Aggreko Name: Rita Date: 2011 Tutor: David Dick Value chain analysis of Aggreko 1. Introduction Currently, along with the increasingly development of globalization, every walks of life has to confront with the fierce competition. Even electric power market is no exception as well. Furthermore, more and more companies have not satisfied with the domestic market, they have focused onRead MorePorters Value Chain Analysis1879 Words   |  8 PagesThe value chain shows the internal steps a company or organization takes to transform inputs into outputs (Jurevicius, 2013). As the products pass through each stage or activity, value is added until they ultimately are ready to reach the consumer. Value chain analysis a process where a firm identifies its primary and support activities that add value to its final product and then analyze these activities to reduce costs or increase differentiation (Jurevicius, 2013). The use of value chain analysisRead MoreMcdonalds Value Chain Analysis5751 Words   |  24 Pagesservice restaurant industry in terms of market share and brand value. Com mitted in quality, service, cleanliness, and value, McDonald’s must deliver its product to consumers with consistency and efficiency. This report will explore how McDonald’s corporation maintains its operational excellence through support from integration of sophisticated technologies. It suggests that to be able to apply technology in organization, value chain process must be defined and by then, information technology canRead MoreUps Value Chain Analysis864 Words   |  4 PagesValue Chain Model and Competitive Force Model BUSA 310: Dr. Chris Lee Carl Field Justin Kelly Jacob Augustine Monique Becker Value Chain Model [pic] Value Chain Model of United Postal Service United Postal Service (UPS) and every business has a Value Chain Model in order to be able to make sure that you have the best values for your internal and external customers. We have two activities, which are the Support and Primary. The UPS Support activities involve the Firm Infrastructure

Beer in Mesopotamia free essay sample

How did beer lead to the development of cities in Mesopotamia and Egypt? People went from foraging and hunting while living in villages, to agriculture which lead to the surplus of grain which lead to beer. Having the surplus of grain allowed for some people to specialize in other professions because not everyone was needed to produce food. Having multiple professions contributes to the development of cities. One of the developed professions was priest who collected goods in the form of taxation. Cities began to grow as priest accumulated power.Priest used taxed as a tool to expand villages into towns which got expanded into cities. Chapters 3 and 4: Wine in Greece and Rome 1. Describe the role that wine plays in Greek or roman society in relation to social status. In Greek and roman societies your wine was an emblem of your social status. In the beginning of wine production in Greece wine was so high priced and scarce making it worthy of consumption by gods, also preventing most people from tasting it at all. We will write a custom essay sample on Beer in Mesopotamia or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page But as more advanced wine producing techniques were adopted wine became plentiful enough top become widely afforded.So now it was the kind of wine you drank and its age that determined where you ranged on the social status meter. Therefore wine became a symbol of social differentiation; a mark of wealth and status of the drinker. Chapters 5 and 6: Spirits in the colonial period 1. Explain how alcohol is related to slave trade. The African slavers who supplied the Europeans with slaves accepted a range of products in exchange but the most sought-after by far were strong alcoholic drinks. Spirits were given to African slave traders to grease the path of slave trade. Canoe men who ferried goods to and from European ships were also paid in bandy for their work.The connection between spirits and slaves were further strengthened following the invention of rum. Chapter 7 and 8: Coffee in the age of reason 1. Compare and contrast coffees acceptance in society in its early stages to beer, wine or spirits. Coffees legal status was ambiguous. Some Muslim scholars objected that it was intoxicating and therefore subject to the same religious prohibition as wine and other alcoholic drinks. Meccas local governor put coffee on trial. The council agreed with the governor, so coffee was seized and burned in the streets and coffee vendors and some Of their customers were beaten as enmeshment.Not everyone approved of drinking coffee. Medical men for one believed that coffee was poisonous, unlike beer, wine or spirits. Others simply objected to the taste. Chapter 9 and 10: Tea and the British Empire 1. Explain why the industrial revolution began in Britain. You can trace the history (events) of the revolution in your explanation. Be sure to include at least one role that tea played in the British industrialization. The industrial revolution began in Great Britain because of the textile industry. Britain had an abundance of cotton used in the making of textiles.When the cottage industry and the manufacturing of clothes at home changed to the factory system, new machines were being created. Also several key-inventors of theses machines where from Great Britain, and contributed to the factory system being established. Also efficient transportation was already set up in Britain and was further innovated with the demand between procedures and suppliers. Great Britain also had a lot of natural resources. Also the workers in the new factories of the eighteenth century embraced tea because it sharpened their mind. Chapter 10 and 11: Coca-Cola and the rise Of America 1.Discuss how World War II impacted the globalization of Coca-Cola. As well as being associated with America, Coca-Cola also encapsulates the trend toward a single global marketplace: globalization. Coca-Cola globalization was marked when Coca-Cola set a policy that everyone fighting in would have Coca-Cola no matter where they were. Special bottling plants and soda fountains were established where possible inside military bases, which meant only the Coca-Cola syrup had to be shipped. Overall analysis questions: 1. Describe morality in the Islamic world. Use the discussion of the 6 drinks in the book as evidence for your answer.Islam morality is very strict. Because of their morality, it was improper to drink certain drinks. Specifically the ones that contain alcohol. 2. According to Standard, what is the next drink that will define society? Explain why. According to Standard water will be the next drink to define society. He says this because water is highly fashionable, it is the subject of conflicting medicinal claims and has far reaching geopolitical significance. Waters growing popularity suggests that the damage of contamination is finally receding. The history of drinking has come right back to its source.

What Are The Ramifications Of Imperfect Man Playing God Essays

What Are The Ramifications Of Imperfect Man Playing God? What are the Ramifications of Imperfect Man Playing God? It was a time of immense scientific discoveries and controversies in Europe during the early nineteenth century. Mary Shelly's Frankenstein is a reflection of the questions that society was bringing to the forefront concerning science and religion. In this horror tale, one can clearly see the controversies arising at the time that science may be killing religion and thus mankind. The ramifications of Dr. Frankenstein's attempt to play God are seen through the perceptions of the monster, the personality traits leading to his own destruction, and the ultimate loss of Frankenstein's sanity and morality. First of all, Frankenstein's attempt to play God and Creator is most plainly seen through the perceptions and actions of his creation. The creature is born into the world as if it is a baby, knowing nothing of life. This creature's first experience as a living existence is being shunned by its own creator. I beheld the wretch---the miserable monster whom I had created. He held up the curtain of the bed; and his eyes, if eyes they may be called, were fixed on me? He might have spoken, but I did not hear; one hand was stretched out, seemingly to detain me, but I escaped and rushed downstairs (43). The monster is reaching out to the only thing he knows thus far, his creator, and is met with disgust. Frankenstein, being merely human, cannot offer this creature the unconditional love and guidance that God bestows on His creatures. This, in turn, leads to the imminent immoral actions of the creature. Symbolically, the same action of reaching out that has Frankenstein run with horror is the process in which the monster uses to kill all of his victims by strangulation. Had Frankenstein only tried to care and communicate with the monster during this harmless event, then perhaps the dreadful story would have ended here. Also, the creature himself refers to his situation in life and to his creator in a Biblical sense. Like most humans, the monster grapples with such questions as What [am] I? and Whence did I come? (113). The creature compares himself to Adam, with Frankenstein being his creator. However, he sees his state as far different from that of Adam's, being that he is wretched, helpless, and alone (114). He then compares himself to Satan, but notes that even Satan has companionship. If this creature, as compared to Adam, feels so miserable and desolate, must that not also speak of the incompetence of its god? Another aspect defining the ramifications of Frankenstein's attempt to portray God is seen in his own personality traits that lead to his destruction. First of all, ambition is the ultimate human flaw in Shelley's novel. This concept is foreshadowed as the reader gets familiar with Mr. Walton. Walton's quest to the North Pole is solely to satisfy his ambition of fame. In direct correlation, Frankenstein's motives in creating the monster are his desires to be a renowned scientist. What could be more incredible than creating life? Thus, one sees the relationship between science and religion. Frankenstein is attempting to be God to his own creation in order to fulfill his ambitious desires. At the exact moment that these desires are fulfilled, Frankenstein realizes that he himself is not God, and he is appalled at the catastrophe that he has created. This realization, however, is too late to change the path of destruction that Frankenstein must face. Also, compassion, or lack thereof, p lays a vital role in the comparison of Frankenstein to God. God is ever compassionate to the vital needs of his beings. Frankenstein, on the other hand, chooses his times of caring and hatred at the most inopportune times. Instead of reaching out to his creation to teach and care for it, he turns away and casts it out to the cruel world without any guidance or love. However, Frankenstein almost shows compassion to the monster when he is finally forced to confront it in person. The monster pleads to Frankenstein to create a companion for it by trying to evoke empathy for its misery and sorrow. ...instead of threatening, I am content to reason

Research Proposal on Absenteeism Essay Example

Research Proposal on Absenteeism Essay Absenteeism is the phenomenon and type of behaviour which is characterized with the denial of a person to fulfill her duties. At first the term absenteeism was used only for the people who denied taking an active part in the elections. The term is generally associated with the careless indifferent person who does not to participate in the public life of the country, like voting for elections, going to the meetings or supporting a certain political party. Now the term absenteeism is used to define the person who runs away from her duties. Naturally, such habit or behaviour is treated like the immoral one, because the employee who misses work influences the development of the whole organization badly. It is obvious that an employee earns money for his work, so he is expected to fulfill it properly. There are people who go to work day after day and explain their absence with poor health, problems in private life, etc. The boss can excuse rare absences in the extreme situations, but when the absence is too frequent, the boss starts thinking about the employee negatively and starts to look for the more reliable person for this position. On the other hand, the negative stereotype of absenteeism is useful for the employer and his profits, because with the run of time employees have got used to the negative attitude to any type absence at a workplace and they try to go to work even when they are ill and really have certain problems. We will write a custom essay sample on Research Proposal on Absenteeism specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Research Proposal on Absenteeism specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Research Proposal on Absenteeism specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer When a student has chosen to research the problem of absenteeism, he should prepare a good research proposal to persuade the professor that the selected topic is worth his attention. In order to succeed in research proposal writing, one should study the topic well and understand its positive and negative sides, factors which cause absenteeism and types of this habit. On the basis of the gained knowledge one will be able to weigh the problem soberly and even suggest some effective methods and solutions to the problem. The role of a research proposal is win the chance to investigate the chosen topic in detail and introduce something new into the discipline, so the paper should be informative, interesting and convincing. Many students fail to complete their research proposals correctly, so they look for help in the web to improve their chances to prepare a good paper. A free example research proposal on employee absenteeism is a good way out for students who have troubles with the organization of their papers. Professional writers share their experience and skills and assist students with the writing process with the help of free sample research proposals on absenteeism in workplace. At EssayLib.com writing service you can order a custom research proposal on Absenteeism topics. Your research paper proposal will be written from scratch. We hire top-rated Ph.D. and Master’s writers only to provide students with professional research proposal help at affordable rates. Each customer will get a non-plagiarized research paper with timely delivery. Just visit our website and fill in the order form with all proposal details: Enjoy our professional research proposal writing service!

buy custom Teaching Techniques essay

buy custom Teaching Techniques essay Teaching is the process of passing ideas or information to the learner so that they can gain knowledge about the topic in discussion. Teaching varies it may be formal or informal. Formal teaching takes place in learning institution, for example, schools while informal teaching takes place at home either by the child parents or the child themselves. Teaching begins from an early stage after giving birth of the baby until he or she completes all process. Early childhood teaching is vital to the child. It equips the child with basic learning, and it should be done in a way that the child will get information in an easier way. To enhance these teachers have to come up with some teaching technique to be used so as to enhance learning to the child. (Beecher, Dockett, Farmer, 2008) Teaching technique refers to the principles and ways used for providing instruction. The choice of teaching technique used varies depending the information and skills that the teacher wants to pass. Teaching technique influences the group under the teaching that is in terms of their class and age respectively. There are many teachings techniques used in children between the ages of 0-2 years in various learning institution and am going to discuss them. Discussion This teaching technique involves teaching by use of examples or illustration. Demonstration technique helps in proving of facts to the child so to enable the child to know what they are learning in their environment. This is technique is significant it helps the child in memorization as it aids in reduce the imagination the child have. This is because the child will know exactly what they are learning thus, grasping a lot out of it. In addition, demonstration helps in enhancing the interest of the child to a specific thing as it provides connection between facts and real world application. (Macnaughton Williams, 2009) This is the best technique for young children because it is more practical as compared to other techniques. Children tend to learn more with this technique because it uses teaching aid. Also, this method is not discriminatory to race, culture. But, a big challenge is when dealing with children with a disability. This because the blind may be able to to see what the teachers demonstrates. This will lead to teacher looking for better techniques to enhance children to know what they are teaching. (Sawyer, 2006) The advantage of this method is that it is practical and exposes children to real practical issue, thus, enabling children to real world situation which helps solve the problem of imagination in children. Disadvantage of this method is that this method is expensive in acquisition of materials to be used in demonstration in class for children. Some schools may not afford this materials to be used in practical for the children, also, this technique is not appropriate with the person with a disability because other children may not be able to see demonstrations in class. Thus, becoming a challenge for the eacher to find the best technique for demonstrating to them. An aim of this technique is to enable children know the facts as they grow up. With the use of demonstration children will be able to learn of things in a practical way thus; making them know the real world situation. Reading Reading together with the child is vital in the learning process. This enables the child to know how to pronounce words in an easier way. Reading for children should be using of easy words those basic words that the child understands well. Reading also enables children below the age of two years to like reading because it creates more interests about learning. This is due the learning process involves a lot of reading. Once the teacher is through with reading he or she should give them time study on their own so that they can know how they understand, reading for children may include numbering, and short descriptive stories. (Macnaughton Williams, 2009) Reading may not be effective in areas where access to reading materials is difficult like in poor countries. Also, reading requires lots of patience from the teacher, sometimes children are not keen in class that may not get the words in an easier way. Children with a disability may not know to read thus making it difficult for them. Teachers in this case should use extraordinary material for the blind children. This is use of brails as a reading technique for the children. It requires teachers in this case to undertake special training in using these materials. (Beecher, Dockett, Farmer, 2008) Advantage of this method is that it makes children to learn pronounce words at an early stage thus equipping their reading skills at an early stage. Disadvantage of this method is that it may be expensive due to buying books, which some schools may not afford to do so; this is especially in poor states of the world. Also, special material for the disabled people is expensive in terms of requirement of teachers to undertake special training. The goal of this technique is to improve the reading skills of young children at an early stage. This technique is vital for young children because poor reading skills among many children resulted from the first stage of learning. Enabling this involves exposing children to reading materials at an early stage. Problem-solving This is a unique technique that teachers use when teaching children. Problem solving involves correcting a problem when it does occur. This is immense because it enables the child to know where they have done wrong, without doing so children may not be able to know where they are wrong. Problem solving should be one to one basis as it will enable the teacher to directly correct the child and give more explanation until the child knows how to it right. (Moos, 1979) Advantage of this technique is that errors when teaching children is that correection takes place at an early stage thus preventing future problems which may be unsolvable in the future. This technique requires the teacher to be close with the children so that they can understand the real problem of child. It is usually difficult to find the exact problem the child is suffering from. In some cases, race may be able among children, subjecting children to racism will affect their thinking about people of other race. Also, some children have a more complicated disability problem thus making it difficult for the teacher to know the problem facing the child. Poverty may also be a problem to the child because this affects the way of their living thus their social life as they grow up. (Osborne, Salzberger, Writtenberg, 1999) Advantage of this method is that is that teachers are able to identify and solve problems at early stages. For instances children usually hide their problems this due to fear. In addition, problem solving helps children correct where they have done wrong. With correction, it makes the children learn doing things in the correct way. Disadvantage of this method is that it some problems facing children are difficult to identify. This may be because some children cannot speak up for themselves. Also, some problems are cause of social set up the children resulting in children shying to say what their problem is. Another disadvantage of this technique is that a teacher needs to be patient when dealing with children. This is because some problems may take long before they come out clearly. Purpose of this technique is to ensure children learn doing things in the right way. This is because it will help young children know to do things in the right way in an early stage. Also, this technique helps parents understand their children at an early stage thus knowing where to improve before it gets worse. Teachers also will be able to know the problems of young children thus finding ways of dealing with them. Conclusion Young children need much attention in their early stage of learning. The way of teaching them will shape their future way of studying. Teachers need to be careful when handling young children. Appropriate techniques should be used when teaching these young children. Using appropriate technique well aid in children learning more and be able to memorize them in the future. Parents at home should also take more time with their children and use appropriate technique to teach their children. Use of learning materials especially with children is the best for young children. From experience, it has been evident that children understand more when there is the use of practical demonstration and experiment. Children with a disability should be given extra care when handling them. Their disability should be identified at an early stage so that special techniques are in use in teaching them. Giving disabled children more care they will grow up knowing that disability in not a problem and use it as their strengths. Buy custom Teaching Techniques essay

POL DB 5 All Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

POL DB 5 All - Assignment Example The government, therefore, has a duty to protect its citizens from such crimes. The issue of crime is a national pandemic and cannot be overlooked. Therefore, the government creates an agenda to discuss it and find lasting solutions. There is the agenda of homicide and cyber-crime. Both have been robbing the country of either prominent people or lots of money. The policy formulation will include hefty penalties for anyone charged with a cyber-crime or a homicide. Actually, for a homicide, individuals could also receive a death sentence. For a cyber-crime, the individual will be required to pay up every cent to the last coin. The police on patrol will also increase and surveillances will be put in areas strategic, so as to identify the people carrying out different types of crimes. The policy evaluation will eventually be done to see how the two active policies are. The "government will then evaluate the facts on the ground and try to seal the loopholes" (Ãâ€"berg, Lundin and Thelander, 114). Thus, the system becomes more efficient. There are several needs that arise, and that require to be brought to the attention of the policymakers for them to review and make decisions. Crime is one such issue. One of the typical examples of crime is larceny and any such theft like robbery with violence and burglary. From the offense perspective, Plott states that "a rise in the practice of theft in a particular state may raise the alarm for the government to act on it" (25). It therefore, becomes an agenda in their list. There are different ways that to table this in parliament. The government may decide to look at the causes of the rise in such theft cases. What age is mostly involved in these acts? Why? Is it that the employment rate is high? The government then decides to focus on the "whys" to find a lasting solution. They then brainstorm on the possible causes. They are then able to draft a plan from their finding. For example, the paper

Unit 2 Public Demand for Medical Care and Health Insurance in the Essay

Unit 2 Public Demand for Medical Care and Health Insurance in the United States - Essay Example This measure provides an indication of the magnitude of cause specific mortality in a population (National statistics, 2011). The measure, however, underestimates the prevalence of deaths within a given population. Unadjusted mortality rates among groups sometimes is misleading especially in a case where the age distributions of the population at risk are different. This misleading report highly affects the planning of healthcare and decision making due to underestimated mortality in a population (Danver, 2010). Chronic diseases that include heart diseases has been a major cause of deaths in this state. The disease had higher adjusted mortality rates than the national average (National statistics, 2011). According to CDC heart diseases had leading causes of deaths.84% of the deaths occurred to people aged 65 years and above while 43% of the deaths occurred to people aged 85 years and above. The age adjusted mortality 3.32 which is slightly higher than the national average which stand at 3.01 (Danver, 2010). The rate is higher due to the unhealthy lifestyles of the people of this state. To solve the problem many factors come into play, organizational factors like schools and faith based organizations to influence and support health behavior change, Community factors that involve self-initiated programs to live healthy and health policies that favorably influence prevention of chronic diseases (Bluelow, 2010). Search Engine - Web - Seivo Web Search Engine. (n.d.). Search Engine - Web - Seivo Web Search Engine. Retrieved April 15, 2014, from

Foundations in human physiology- structure, function and permeability Assignment

Foundations in human physiology- structure, function and permeability of cells - Assignment Example One or more cells constitute all forms of life. Cells can only develop from pre-existent cells. The smallest form of life is cell. The human cell consists of an outer plasma membrane which encloses the minute organelles dispersed within the cytoplasm. These organelles include endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, ribosome, chromosomes, nucleus, lysosome, vacuoles and centrioles. A typical human cell (Carone, 2001) The outer cell membrane is made up of lipid molecules and provides the passage for interaction of cells with each other. Different kinds of human cells have distinct structures that aid in the functioning of their particular activity, such as the axons of nerve and brain cells which transmit signals out across distances to other cells via neurotransmitters. The neurons are specially adapted to perform this function as the axons are as long as one meter in length and the nerve impulse is transmitted from one neuron to another. The various functions performed by human cells include enzyme production, movement, transmission of electrical impulses and demolishing invaders. Among the various cells constituting the human body five main are: epithelial, nerve or neuron, connective, adipose and muscle cells. The four main selected to be explained in the given text include epithelial cells, neuron, connective and adipose cells (Marieb & Hoehn, 2010). Nerve Cells Nerve cells or neurons are specialized cell often referred as the structural and functional unit of nervous system. A characteristic neuron consists of a cell body known as soma, an axon and dendrites. The thin structures arising from the cell body are dendrites that frequently extend for hundred micrometres and forming multiple branches thus forming a complex called "dendritic tree". An axon on the other hand is a peculiar cellular extension that originates from the axon hillock and travels as far as one meter (Chudler, 2012). A typical Neuron (Chudler, 2012) Synapse is a specialized c onnection of these neurons with other cells that facilitates chemical signal. Neurons communicate by electrical and chemical (via neurotransmitters like GABA, dopamine and glutamate) synapses in a process referred as synaptic transmission. Action potential is the basic process that activates synaptic transmission, a disseminating electrical signal that is produced by tapping the electrically impulsive membrane (the myelin sheath) that encloses the axon of the neuron. This is also known as a wave of depolarization. Neurons are the central part of the nervous system consisting of the spinal cord, the brain and peripheral ganglia. A great number of these specialized neurons exist and are classified on the basis of their function as sensory, motor and inter-neurons. The inter-neurons connect other neurons within the spinal cord or brain while the motor neurons transmit the response generated from brain and spinal cord to the organs. Sensory neurons respond to light, sound, touch, taste and legion other stimuli impacting the epithelial cells of the sensory organs (Levitan & Kaczmarek, 2001). Dorsal root ganglion The sensory neurons cell bodies are settled outside the spinal cord and brain in ganglia or in the sensory organs. Ganglia situated along specific cranial and spinal nerves accommodate the sensory neurons

Criminology Research Methods

Criminology Research Methods Using examples from published research, critically consider that way that choice of study design might influence research findings and conclusions.   A study design is a fundamental component of any piece of research, providing a structure within which to implement a suitable methodology for the collection and analysis of information and data. The choice of study design employed in criminological research will inevitably influence the findings and conclusions drawn, which may subsequently be used to shape the direction of future policies and interventions within the sphere of criminal justice. This is particularly the case in relation to domestic violence, which remains a socially and politically contested area with regards to the extent to which it merits and requires criminalisation. I therefore intend, with reference to published research, to critically examine how choice of study design may yield different findings and contributions to contemporary understandings of domestic violence. Before considering the various types of study design, it is necessary to provide a brief account of the nature and context of domestic violence. Academics highlight that it is a distinct phenomenon from other forms of conventional violence, often characterised by a series of ongoing violent episodes as opposed to one discrete event and a typical reluctance on the part of victims to recognise and voice their victimisation (Mirrlees-Black, 1999). Criminological research in this area has assumed heightened importance in recent years due to shifts in Government policy towards criminalisation  [1]  . It is therefore vital that any research in this area necessitates an appreciation of the contextual circumstances within which perpetrators and victims operate. A number of study designs are available for the purposes of criminological research, the primary distinction existing between experimental and non-experimental designs; which include randomised control trials, quasi-experiments, cross-sectional and longitudinal designs as well as ethnographic studies. The choice of design will affect the strength of both the internal  [2]  and external  [3]  validity of the findings and conclusions. Bryman notes that the study design chosen reflects a decision about the priority being given to an array of dimensions. These include articulating causal connections, generalising the findings, understanding behaviour in a specific context and having a temporal awareness of social phenomena (2008:35). In addition, certain designs may lend themselves more easily to quantitative or qualitative data, which may impact upon a researchers choice of design given the fundamentally diverse characteristics of both.  [4]   The true experimental design is often referred to as the gold standard (Bryman, 2008:38), despite being rarely employed in criminological research (Wesiburd, 2000:181) due to its potential to yield findings with strong internal validity, particularly if randomised control trials are employed. The experimental design involves the manipulation of the independent variable in order to elicit variation in the dependent variable, a classic example being Bushmans (1995) investigation into the impact of violent films on those pre-disposed to aggression. In randomly assigning subjects to control and experimental groups, he was able to control for rival causal factors, resulting in findings with strong internal validity. True experiments may be either laboratory experiments  [5]  or field experiments  [6]  , although it can be argued that conclusions drawn from laboratory experiments may not have the same level of generalisation due to their artificial setting. However, it is argued th at it is the theoretical principles that are being generalised, not the specific characteristics of the sample, setting or measure (Anderson and Bushman, 1997:22). The experimental design was utilised by Sherman (1984) in investigating the specific deterrent effects of arrest on perpetrators of domestic violence, whereby three types of police response (arrest, mediation ad separation) were randomly assigned to legally eligible cases. The dependent variable, in this case recidivism, was measured over the course of 6months following police intervention using both official data and victim reports. The studys conclusion, that swift imposition of a sanction of temporary incarceration may deter male offenders in domestic violence cases (Sherman, 1984:270), is often cited in support of mandatory arrest policies. However, given that experimental designs are notorious for their weaker external validity  [7]  , it is questionable whether Shermans findings lend themselves to such a sweeping generalisation. Indeed, follow up studies in other US cities revealed more mixed results, with some concluding that arrest had negative effects for victims (Garner et al. 1995). The findings and conclusions by Sherman have been attacked on a number of grounds. Dobash contends that the experiments were designed and carried out with little knowledge of existing and theoretical positions regarding violence against women (2000:254). Indeed, it can be argued that the failure to appreciate the possibility that the reason the arrest of perpetrators resulted in lesser recidivism was not due to its deterrent effects but a result of the victim failing to call the police again or to report their victimisation to interviewers due to fear of a repeated retaliation by the perpetrator that might have followed the initial arrest. This is particularly since qualitative studies have revealed the extent to which victims reluctance to involve the police are a direct product of their fear that an arrest will lead to an escalation of the violence (Felson et al.2002). In addition, Fagan highlights that the short follow-up period of 6months failed to take into account the episodic and cyclical patterns of family violence (1989:382). It therefore appears that Shermans pre-occupation with experimental form, in this case a randomised control experiment, precluded a proper consideration of the nature and contextual characteristics of domestic violence. A variation of the true experimental design is the quasi-experiment, commonly employed in the evaluation of criminal justice interventions due to the ethical difficulties associated with random assignment. Such experiments have been used to research the effect of rape law reforms on the number of rapes reported to the police.  [8]  However, due to the absence of random assignment, such a design may not yield findings that are considered as strong in terms of their internal validity due to the lack of control over intervening causal variables. The Violent Men Study (Dobash, 2000) employed a non-equivalent control group design to evaluate the impact of different criminal justice sanctions on domestic violence, involving the matching of subjects within the different groups. The qualitative data revealed much higher rates of re-offending than the quantitative arrest records portrayed, leading the authors to remark that these stark differences cast grave doubt on the veracity of criminal justice statistics as indicators of the levels of violence or of the effectiveness of interventions (Dobash, 2000:267). In addition, in contrast to the experimental study of arrest that merely speculated the reasons for reduced levels of recidivism following arrest (Sherman, 1984), the Violent Men Study was able to contribute to an understanding of both how and why certain interventions could lead to a cessation of violence (Dobash, 2000). Such findings were arguably facilitated by the fact that the study design was more attuned to the context and dynamics of domestic violence, such as the fact that it was longitudinal in nature, tracing victims experiences and perpetrators criminal involvement over a period of 12months at regular intervals and drawing a comparison between the two sets of data  [9]  . The advantages associated with this design have led to a replication of it in subsequent research.  [10]   An example of a non-experimental study design is the cross-sectional, involving the collection of information and data relating to a designated phenomenon at a particular instance in time. A classic example is the investigation of the effects of visible public and social order on evolving crime rates in Chicago (Sampson and Raudenbush, 2001). However, the problems associated with such a design relate to both the internal validity and the ambiguity of the direction of causality, which may therefore significantly influence any conclusions drawn, as was the case in the Chicago study which could not establish whether the high crime rates resulted before or after a variation in social control (Bachman and Schutt, 2007:154). A study by Hoyle and Sanders (2000) of victims within Thames Valley police force areas utilised a cross-sectional non-experimental design to investigate victims perceptions of the value of various criminal justice interventions. The non-experimental dimension facilitated a more in-depth exploration of victims experiences and beliefs and a deeper contextual understanding of the nature and effects of domestic violence, with the authors highlighting that the more powerful the controlling behaviour of their partners, the less likely it is women will seek to involve the criminal justice system (2000:21). However, a significant drawback of the cross-sectional design is that it results in findings that inevitably fail to capture the recurring and ongoing nature of domestic violence. By contrast, a longitudinal design, involves the collection of information and data at several points in time, which can also resolve any ambiguity concerning the direction of causal influence. Thus, academics assert that the value of longitudinal data is so great that every effort should be made to develop longitudinal research designs whenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦appropriate (Bachman and Schutt, 2007:155). A study by Sullivan and Bybee (2004) interviewed 278 women, who has just left a domestic violence shelter, at various intervals for three years. By collecting and analysing data over a substantial period of time, the study was able to provide a greater understanding of the unique trajectory of domestic violence. However, the problem of attrition is particularly salient for longitudinal designs, with Bachman and Schutt highlighting that those in greatest need are often the most likely to drop-out (2007:159). This has obvious implications for the validity of findings, since a drop-out of the most domestically victimised subjects could mask the extent and seriousness of domestic violence. An interesting study design that is rarely employed, but could nevertheless provide a valuable insight into the phenomenon of domestic violence, relates to ethnography. The purpose of which is to look more in-depth at the mechanisms underlying a social process and to gain an insight into the interpretations and perceptions of actors (Crow and Semmens, 2008:37). Such an approach was taken by Websdale, who provided a critical ethnography of how rural patriarchy shapes the perpetration and policing of domestic violence (Adelman, 2004:135). Although such findings and conclusions cannot obviously be generalised, ethnographic designs serve to reveal important details about the experiences of particular sub-groups of the population, which may not be adequately reflected in the findings of more conventional study designs. In conclusion, it is apparent that choice of study design in criminological research can have a marked influence on the findings and conclusions drawn. In relation to domestic violence, whilst it appears that true experiments yield results with the strongest internal validity, they nevertheless fail to account for the dynamic processes operating which trigger the variation in the dependent variable. The context-specific approach taken by other designs may have the potential to fill this gap by affording a greater emphasis on process as opposed to outcome. In addition, longitudinal designs are vital in capturing the intrinsic trajectory nature of domestic violence which is often ignored by cross-sectional designs. However, it is apparent that a deeper and proper understanding of domestic violence, in order to implement effective policies, necessitates the exploitation of the various strengths of both experimental and non-experimental study designs. To conclude otherwise would be to ig nore the inherent nature of domestic violence and to relegate it to the status of any ordinary violent crime, from which it is clearly distinct. Word Count: 1992

Creativity in Literacy Practices

Creativity in Literacy Practices: A TEXTUAL AND CONTEXTUAL APPROACH by Agatha Xaris Villa INTRODUCTION AT PRESENT, THERE ARE A NUMBER OF APPROACHES TO THE STUDY OF LINGUISTIC CREATIVITY. THEY DIFFER IN THE WAY THE WAY THAT THEY CONCEPTUALIZE WHAT COUNTS AS CREATIVENESS OR ‘LITERARINESS’ IN LANGUAGE AS WELL AS IN THE METHODS THEY USE TO IDENTIFY AND ANALYZE CREATIVITY IN EVERYDAY LANGUAGE.This essay begins by discussing and exploring the premises of an analysis of creativity at text level following a textual approach to literacy and creativity; assessing the extent to which it is effective in identify creativity in literacy practices such as diaries, letters and graffiti.However, I would like to continue by presenting the argument that while literacy practices do offer opportunities for creativity at text level, the study and identification of creativity in literacy practices may be more productive when studied with a broader perspective – one that goes beyond the limits of the text and considers the influence of context in the production, reception and processing of texts, literary practices and creativity. Creativity in literacy practices at text level LITERACY IS AN IMPORTANT ASPECT OF EVERYDAY LIFE AND IS A PART OF EVEN OUR MOST MUNDANE SOCIAL PRACTICES.WHILE THE ROLE WHICH LITERACY PLAYS IN SITUATIONS MAY VARY IN IMPORTANCE, IN THE CONTEXT OF LITERACY EVENTS WHERE LITERACY PLAYS A SIGNIFICANT ROLE, INDIVIDUALS DEVELOP CHARACTERISTIC AND PATTERNED WAYS OF USING AND INTERACTING WITH TEXTS. THESE HABITUAL PATTERNS HOLD DIFFERENT MEANING AND VALUES FOR INDIVIDUALS AND ARE WHAT WE REFER TO AS LITERACY PRACTICES. Creativity in literacy practices at the level of the text may be identified by focusing on special linguistic forms that stand out in texts. This pproach is modeled after what Carter (1999) called an inherency perspective which perceives creativity as being ‘inherent’ in the creative uses of language intrinsic in text. Th e focus is on the writer’s skill in the manipulation of linguistic forms that constitute text on the phonological, grammatical and semantic level. Roman Jakobson (1960), one of the well-known advocates of this approach, was concerned with the ‘poetic function of language’ which was believed to be in close relation to literariness in text.He argued that the poetic function of language involves the ‘foregrounding’ of language forms which have the ability to draw attention to themselves – making a noticeable impact on the reader. Foregrounding results from stylistic choices which may come as (1) deviations from the norms of everyday language (e. g. the use of different writing systems, lexis and ‘figurative language’ such as metaphor and simile or (2) prominent patterns of parallelisms in phonology, grammar and semantics (e. g. meter, rhyme, etc. (Maybin and Pearce, 2006, p. 6 – 9). By highlighting the ‘poetic usages of language’, we can identify creativity in diaries at the text level. The metaphoric descriptions and dramatic portrayal of entities and events in diaries are ways in which individuals attempt to explore their feelings regarding their experience of the ‘real world’ that are often difficult to describe. In addition, repeated structures and rhythms are commonly used in diaries as a form of emphasizing points in the writer’s diary entry.Such examples of ‘poetic language’ may also be identified in letters. In Margaretta Jolly’s (1997) study of war letters, she states that letters are probably ‘the most common form of creative writing. ’ Her examples point out the creative way in which letter-writers are able to use language forms such as imagery, metaphoric and rhetorical devices as well as parallelism (more commonly related to literature) for the purpose increasing the text’s emotional and persuasive impact and highlighti ng contrast and subtleties of meaning (Maybin, 2006, p. 72). The â€Å"art of graffiti† is a long-standing tradition with the ability to exhibit creativity at text level both in its traditional and embellished form. Creativity is seen in the use of rhythmic repetition, puns and contradictory voices (as in parody and irony), the use of non-standard spelling and punctuation (usually in line with a particular artistic style) and the use of text and decoration for aesthetic and communicative purposes.While it is possible to be able to identify creativity in literacy practices at text level, this approach is somewhat limited because it fails to take into account: (1) the interactive features and functions of literacy practice, (2) the influence of its socio-cultural and historical context and more importantly (3) the creativity in language practices that is inherent and emergent from social practices in particular contexts.Therefore, I suggest that a better and more efficient way to identify and evaluate creativity in literacy practices, is one that approaches literacy from a more contextual approach, more specifically from an ethnographic perspective. Creativity and literacy practices from an ethnographic approach According to the ethnographic approach defined by Papen and Tusting (2006, p. 312-359), creativity refers the production of something ‘new’ and ‘original’. In written language, creativeness should not be perceived as a decontextualised, individual activity or as being entirely shaped by context.It should be seen as being dependent on and emergent from the creative literacy practices through which texts are constructed because they are shaped by people, who in pursuit of their own goals and purposes, actively draw on the interactional, contextual and socio-cultural possibilities available in the particular social situation they are embedded. Literacy practices are inherently creative in and of themselves. The ethnographic perspective takes into account the broader social-political context within which creativity is located and through their examination of iteracy practices and texts, advocates of the ethnographic approach found three major characteristics of creativity in writing. To begin, by focusing on people’s literacy practices rather than just texts, they noted that creative texts are produced as a result of interactive collaboration. Diaries, although written by a single person, emerge from an individual’s account and reflection of events and various conversations and interactions with people.Diaries and journals are dialogic practices wherein the writer addresses and responds to a ‘reader’ and have the potential to be re-contextualized in different publications to address a wider readership (Maybin, 2006, p. 269) This dialogical aspect is more evident in web blogs or online journals in which people often (1) write in response to the entries of others, (2) write entr ies addressed to others and (3) write with the expectation and even the goal to get as much response from others. Maybin (2006, p. 73) tells us that letters are even more intensely dialogic in nature. I believe that letters are best viewed as mediums of ‘correspondence’ wherein we present written versions of our personal experience, relationships and identities in relation to an assumed reader who then responds by confirming or questioning. Letters are shaped by and inspire collaborative practices An interesting characteristic of graffiti that I believe exemplifies the collaborative nature of creativity is the way that graffiti attracts graffiti (Macdonald, 2006).A graffiti-covered wall may look like vandalism to law-enforcers or a rather threatening cacophony of ‘names’ to the common passerby but it constitutes a symbolic exchange between members of a sub-group. In the world of graffiti, tags located on the same space are often interpreted in relation to t heir positioning and proximity to each other. They may be viewed as a sign of respect, acknowledgement or outright disregard – a reflection of the intensely competitive nature of this practice.In addition to the collaborative nature of creative literary practices, the ethnographic approach pays careful attention to the influence of the context of reading and writing in the development of creative practices (Papen and Tusting, 2006, p. 320). They argued that in any given opportunity, there is particular set of possibilities and constraints that provides the opportunity for creativity. This involves affordances (i. e. properties of the environment, arising from its material characteristics which may be positive or negative depending on the individual) from new forms of technology, discourse conventions as well as inter-textual and material resources available to producers of text. An important thing to note is while possibilities may determine what is possible in any given cont ext, the possibilities associated with a setting do not determine what is created.For example, while people may be able to describe events, sights and even people through the practice of diaries and letters, there are abstractions such as feelings and intensely traumatic situations (such as in war) that are far more difficult to describe and articulate. In order to overcome this type of ‘constraint’ on expression, writers make use of metaphoric language and parallelisms, enabling them to represent their feelings and experiences in ‘words’ that their readers may be able to relate to. Creativity may also emerge from socially-constrained situations.Graffiti emerged from the same socially and economically impoverished areas in America where gangs are notoriously prominent. Because graffiti is an act of illegitimacy and opposition, graffiti artists face the constant risk of being caught by the police or by rival gangs each time they make a ‘tag’ or do a ‘piece’. But this high-risk and intensely competitive literacy practice is a stage on which young men may choose an identity of their own making, present it in the style of their choice and regain control of their own ‘fate’ – free from the constraints of their socio-economic backgrounds (Mcdonald, 2006).Social, economic or technological changes may result in the introduction of new affordance and constraints to any given context (Papen and Tusting, 2006, p. 325). For example, the popularization of the internet brought about the development of Computer Mediated Communication (CMC), resulting in the creation of new literary genres and changes in literacy practices. According to Kress (2003), creativity may be perceived as inherent in CMC using the two concepts of ‘transformation’ and ‘transduction’.Transformation is the way that the text producers manipulate the forms of signs within a mode to suit their needs and intere sts. Transduction, on the other hand, refers to the movement of ‘semiotic material’ between modes where meaning configured in one mode is moved to another. Online diaries, known as online ‘blogs, perform the same function as traditional diaries and even employ the same linguistic forms. However, bloggers now have access to a greater degree of interactive, inter-textual and multi-modal resources.Whereas in the past, writers creatively used language to express their thoughts and feelings through metaphors and similes, bloggers can now make use of pictures, videos, music, emoticons, avatars and (through hyper-linking) other texts to represent themselves and their lives online. Similarly, the literacy practice of letter-writing is far from extinct in today’s modern ear but has taken up a new form – that is, electronic mail (e-mail). As a medium of communication, email has enabled cross-cultural communication and the creation of online relationships and à ¢â‚¬Ëœnetworking’ communities.Finally, the ethnographic perspective sees creative literacy practices in everyday life as being embedded in socio-cultural practices situated in institutional, political and economic structures. These structures are in a constant state of movement and change therefore taking on a historical perspective towards literacy practices is a necessity. Based on observation and study, changes in socio-economic conditions are often accompanied by changes in the linguistic and semiotic means available to a community as in the case of the following account of changes to a Nepali rural community Papen and Tusting, 2006, p. 328). The 1980s was a time of great social and economic change in Junigau, Nepal. In 1983, the village set up its first high school, providing greater access to education for men and women – resulting in great changes to the literacy practices used by the young. A new form of ‘prolonged courtship’ (i. e. , love-letter w riting) had become increasingly popular among the youth, improving gender relations and changing marriage practices (as the young were becoming more resistant towards arranged marriages).The way in which these love-letters encapsulated new ideas on personal identity and individual agency which held no cultural precedent in their village is an example of how social and cultural change is closely related to the creation of new literacy practices (Papen and Tusting, 2006, p. 328) Conclusion ANALYZING CREATIVITY AT TEXT LEVEL, ALLOWED US TO IDENTIFY CREATIVENESS IN TEXTS AS IS REVEALED BY THE USE OF POETIC LANGUAGE OR LINGUISTIC FORMS COMMONLY ASSOCIATED WITH LITERATURE.THIS APPROACH HOWEVER WAS VERY MUCH LIMITED DUE MAINLY BY THE NARROWNESS OF THE INHERENCY MODEL’S DEFINITION OF WHAT CONSTITUTES AS CREATIVITY AS WELL AS TO ITS LACK OF CONSIDERATION OF CONTEXTUAL FACTORS AND THE INHERENCY OF CREATIVITY IN LITERACY PRACTICES. In taking an ethnographic/historical perspective, chara cteristics of creativity that are inherent in literacy practices become more salient. Through our understanding of the three characteristics of creativity in literacy practices, we’ve identified creativity beyond the level of the text.This contextual approach showed us how creativity is exhibited in literacy practices in the way that (1) texts are read and used, how the writer interacts with other individuals;(2) how people are able to creatively use language in relation to the possibilities and constraints available in particular contexts and finally, (3) individuals are able to adapt and respond to changes in discourse practices and socio-cultural conditions. References CARTER, R. (1999). ‘COMMON LANGUAGE: CORPUS, CREATIVITY AND COGNITION’, LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE, 8(3), P. 196-216 Jakobson, J. (1960). Closing statement: linguistics and poetics’, in T. A. Sebeok (ed. ) Style in Language, MIT Press. Jolly, M. (1997). ‘Everyday Letters and Literary F orm: Coresspondence from the Second World War’, unpublished MPhil, University of Sussex. Kress, G. (2003). Literacy in the new Media Age. London and New York, Routledge. Macdonald, N. (2006). Chapter 6. Reading B: ‘The spray-can is mighteier than the sword: graffiti writing and the construction of masculine identity’ in Maybin, J. and Swann, J. (eds) The art of English: everyday creativity. Palgrave Macmillan/The Open University, p. 293 – 302. Maybin, J. 2006)(Ed. ) Chapter 6 ‘Writing the self’, in Maybin, J. and Swann, J. (eds) The art of English: everyday creativity. Palgrave Macmillan/The Open University, p. 261 – 279. Maybin, J. and Pearce, M. (2006). Chapter 1 ‘Literature and creativity in English’ in Goodman, S. and O’Halloran, K. (eds) The art of English: literary creativity. Palgrave Macmillan/The Open University, p. 6-9. Papen, U. and Tusting, K. (2006). Chapter 7 ‘Literacies, collaboration and context ’ in Maybin, J. and Swann, J. (eds) The art of English: everyday creativity. Palgrave Macmillan/The Open University, p. 312 – 331.

Critical Thinking and Perception Essay

What is real? Our perception of reality is often a product of the environment in which we live. In general, we formulate ideas of reality based on our own experiences as well as the experiences of the people around us. Our lives are influenced constantly by our surroundings. I truly believe that perception is a learned skill and not instinctive. Outside of our communities, television, radio and movies sculpt our perception of the outside world. I think most of my thinking at the ordinary level is based on perception, language, and information. At the most there is one logic step: If this than that. I think most thinking takes place in the perceptual stage. These are the questions that arise, How much do I take in? and how do I look at things? This perception is based on habits of perceptions and what I hear, what I read and how I express myself. I understand that we do not need to use much explicit logic because we have already built the logic into our language. For example, killing is ‘bad’ unless justified by war or self-dense. I know that with decisions I followed what was recommended and what my friends were doing and then rationalized it with the following rationalization: Everyone does this and the stock rises for a while and when the market eventually gets a severe correction I rationalize that as well. This rationalization is based on information–not all-available information but a selection that fits what I was inclined to do anyway. I think that logic can be used to reinforce perceptions (and prejudices) but logic and argument will not change perceptions. Perception is more than sensing; it is processing, reacting, and interpreting. Faith Bryne describes perception as, â€Å"detecting the nature of both outer and inner worlds. In many cases, it also means responding in some way, either consciously or unconsciously.† (Perception, 57) Perception is the way we look at things and I think processing is what we do with that perception. In my view if we take processing for granted then perception becomes even more important, because the way we look at a situation will determine what we can do about it. The influences (family, teachers, religion, race, environment, and economic level) that have shaped or conditioned my identity by instilling values, beliefs, viewpoints or a ttitudes that I have accepted without challenge serves as a perceptual block. The situations in which I am less of an individual because of these influences occur when I refuse to understand someone else’s opinion or look for other points of view because of something I have been conditioned to believe is true. I am not one who handles others opinions without asking for them. I am not very consistent in ensuring that my opinions are informed. Often times I have not taken careful consideration of the evidence and have treated opinions as facts especially if I have expressed it to the point that I have begun to believe it as truth. At times, in what matters most I am inclined to assume too much and take too much for granted. I feel the strongest urge to conform when someone is a positive role model and conforming to this type of behavior I believe adds value. However, a situation in which this conformist tendency has interfered with my judgment is following others because it seemed the lesser of two evils. All to often at the workplace this is how some decisions are made just to close an issue that ultimately will recycle. Additionally, I tend to jump or make hasty conclusions more often than I would like. This occurs more so in the area of personal relationships. I have learned that there ar e some errors and bad habits that can lead to shallow or uncritical decisions instead of careful judgments. I have gained the most insight from the following errors and bad habits, which are: Resistance to change (habits), Conformity, Rationalization, Stereotyping, common sense, Oversimplification, Hasty conclusions, and unwarranted assumptions. I think the real key to each the of errors and habits mentioned above is my being conscious of the tendency to do them and to get into the habit of applying and practicing the different ways or approaches to avoiding the blocks to critical thinking. This will be an ongoing process if I am to be in control of my own beliefs, and to somehow gain an understanding of the truth, then I must know what good reasoning is, and be aware of the ways in which my reasoning (and that of others) can go astray. How I tend to perceive certain situations in my life and how others may see it may not always agree with my thinking. This is a big obstacle that I will have to work on being better at and learning how to understand others perceptions. References Brynie, Faith Hickman. (2001). Perception. Blackbirch Press, Inc. (p 57

the history of microsoft word Essay Example

the history of microsoft word Essay Example the history of microsoft word Essay the history of microsoft word Essay From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The first version of Microsoft Word was developed by Charles Simonyi and Richard Brodie, former Xerox programmers hired by Bill Gates and Paul Allen in 1981. Both programmers worked on Xerox Bravo, the first Microsoft WYSIW{Gword processor. The first Word version, Word 1. 0, was released in October 1983 for Xenix and MS- DOS; it was followed by four very similar versions that were not very successful. The first Windows version was released in 1989, with a slightly improved interface. When Windows 3. 0 was released in 1990, Word became a huge commercial success. Word for Windows 1. 0 was followed by Word 2. 0 in 1991 and Word 6. 0 in 1993. Then it was renamed to Word 95 and Word 97, Word 2000 and Word for Office XP (to follow Windows commercial names). With the release of Word 2003, the numbering was again year-based. Since then, Word 2007, Word 2010, and most recently, Word 2013 have been released for Windows. In 1986, an agreement between Atari and Microsoft brought Word to the Atari ST. I] The Atari ST version was a translation of Word 1. 05 for the Apple Macintosh; however, it was released under the name Microsoft Write (the name of the word processor included with Windows during the 80s and early 90s). [2][3] Unlike other versions of Word, the Atari version was a one time release with no future updates or revisions. The release of Microsoft Write was one of two major PC applications that were released for the Atari ST (the other application being WordPerfect) . Microsoft Write was released for the Atari ST in 1988. Contents [hide] 1 word 1990 to 1995 2 word 97 3 word 98 4 word 2001 mord X 5 word 2002,xp 6 word 2003 7 word 2004 8 word 2007 9 word 2008 10 word 2010 11 word 2011 12 word 2013 3 See also 14 Further reading 1 5 References 16 External links word 1990 to 1995tedit] The very first version of Word for Windows was released in 1989 at a price of US$495. [4] With the release of Windows 3. 0 the following year, sales began to pick up (Word for Windows 1. 0 was designed for use with Windows 3. , and its performance was poorer with the versions of Windows available when it was first released). The failure of WordPerfect to produce a Windows version proved a fatal mistake. It was version 2. 0 of Word, however, that firmly established Microsoft Word as the market leader. 5] The early versions of Word also included copy protection mechanisms that tried to detect debuggers, and if one was found, it produced the message The tree of evil bears bitter fruit. Now trashing program disk. and performed a zero seek on the floppy disk (but did not delete its contents). 6][7][8] After MacWrite, Word for Macintosh never had any serious rivals, although programs such as Nisus Writer provided features such as non-continuous selection, which were not added until Word 2002 in Office XP. In addition, many users[who? ] complained that major pdates reliably came more than two years apart, too long for most business users at that time. Word 5. 1 for the Macintosh, released in 1992, was a very popular word processor, owing to its elegance, relative ease of use and feature set. However, version 6. 0 for the Macintosh, released in 1994, was widely derided, unlike the Windows version. It was the first version of Word based on a common code base between the Windows and Mac versions; many accused it of being slow, clumsy and memory intensive. In response to user requests, Microsoft offered a free downgrade to Word 5. 1 for dissatisfied Word 6. 0 purchasers. [citation needed] With the release of Word 6. 0 in 1993 Microsoft again attempted to synchronize the version numbers and coordinate product naming across platforms; this time across the three versions for DOS, Macintosh, and Windows (where the previous version was Word for Windows 2. 0). There may have also been thought given to matching the current version 6. 0 of WordPerfect for DOS and Windows, Words major competitor. However, this wound up being the last version of Word for DOS. In addition, subsequent ersions of Word were no longer referred to by version number, and were instead named after the year of their release (e. g. Word 95 for Windows, synchronizing its name with Windows 95, and Word 98 for Macintosh), once again breaking the synchronization. When Microsoft became aware of the Year 2000 problem, it released the entire DOS port of Microsoft Word 5. instead of getting people to pay for the update. As of June 2013, it is still available for download from Microsofts web site. [9] Word 6. 0 was the second attempt to develop a common code base version of Word. The first, code-named Pyramid, had been an attempt to completely rewrite the existing product. It was abandoned when it was determined that it would take the development team too long to rewrite and then catch up with all the new capabilities that could have been added in the same time without a rewrite. Supporters of Pyramid claimed that it would have been faster, smaller, and more stable than the product that was eventually released for Macintosh, and which was compiled using a beta version of Visual C++ 2. 0 that targets the Macintosh, so many optimizations have o be turned off (the version 4. 2. 1 of Office is compiled using the final version), and sometimes use the Windows API simulation library included. [10] Pyramid would have been truly cross-platform, with machine-independent application code and a small mediation layer between the application and the operating system. More recent versions of Word for Macintosh are no longer ported versions of Word for Windows, although some code is often appropriated from the Windows version for the Macintosh version. [citation needed] Later versions of Word have more capabilities han merely word processing. The drawing tool allows simple desktop publishing operations, such as adding graphics to documents. Collaboration, document comparison, multilingual support, translation and many other capabilities have been added over the years. citation needed] Word 97[edit] Word 97 had the same general operating performance as later versions such as Word 2000. This was the first copy of Word featuring the Office Assistant, Clippit, which was an animated helper used in all Office programs. This was a takeover from the earlier launched concept in Microsoft Bob. Word 98[edit] Word 98 for the Macintosh gained many features of Word 97, and was bundled with the Macintosh Office 98 package. Document compatibility reached parity wi th Office 97 and Word on the Mac became a viable business alternative to its Windows counterpart. Unfortunately, Word on the Mac in this and later releases also became vulnerable to future macro viruses that could compromise Word (and Excel) documents, leading to the only situation where viruses could be cross-platform. A Windows version of this was only bundled with the Japanese/Korean Microsoft Office 7 Powered By Word 98 and could not be purchased separately. Word 2001 mord xcedit] Word 2001 was bundled with the Macintosh Office for that platform, acquiring most, if not all, of the feature set of Word 2000. Released in October 2000, Word 2001 was also sold as an individual product. The Macintosh version, Word X, released in 2001, was the first version to run natively on (and required) Mac OS X. Word 2002/XP[edit] See also: Microsoft Office XP Word 2002 was bundled with Office XP and was released in 2001. It had many of the same features as Word 2000, but had a major new feature called the Task Panes, hich gave quicker information and control to a lot of features that were before only available in modal dialog boxes. One of the key advertising strategies for the software was the removal of the Office Assistant in favor of a new help system, although it was simply disabled by default. Word 2003[edit] See also: Microsoft Office 2003 For the 2003 version, the Office programs, including Word, were rebranded to emphasize the unity of the Office suite, so that Microsoft Word officially became Microsoft Office Word. Word 2004[edit] A new Macintosh version of Office was released in May 2004. Substantial cleanup of he various applications (Word, Excel, PowerPoint) and feature parity with Office 2003 (for Microsoft Windows) created a very usable release. Microsoft released patches through the years to eliminate most known macro vulnerabilities from this version. While Apple released Pages and the open source community created NeoOffce, Word remains the most widely used word processor on the Macintosh. Word 2007[edit] See also: Microsoft Office 2007 The release includes numerous changes, including a new XML-based file format, a redesigned interface, an integrated equation editor and bibliographic management. Additionally, an XML data bag was introduced, accessible via the object model and file format, called Custom XML this can be used in conjunction with a new feature called Content Controls to implement structured documents. It also has contextual tabs, which are functionality specific only to the object with focus, and many other features like Live Preview (which enables you to view the document without making any permanent changes), Mini Toolbar, Super-tooltips, Quick Access toolbar, SmartArt, etc. Word 2007 uses a new file format called docx. Word 2000-2003 users n Windows systems can install a free add-on called the Microsoft Office Compatibility Pack to be able to open, edit, and save the new Word 2007 files. [11]Alternatively, Word 2007 can save to the old doc format of Word word 2008[edit] See also: Microsoft Office 2008 for Mac Word 2008 was released on January 1 5, 2008. It includes some new features from Word 2007, such as a ribbon-like feature that can be used to select page layouts and insert custom diagrams and images. Word 2008 also features native support for the new Office Open XML format, although the old doc format can be set as a default. 4] word 201 ocedit] See also: Microsoft Office 2010 word 2011 [edit] See also: Microsoft Office for Mac 2011 word 2013[edit] The release of Word 2013 has brought Word a cleaner look and this version focuses further on Cloud Computing with documents being saved automatically to SkyDrive. If enabled, documents and settings roam with the user. Other notable features are a ne w read mode which allows for horizontal scrolling of pages in columns, a bookmark to find where the user left off reading their document and opening PDF documents in Word Just like Word content. See also[edit]

Aparteid essays

Aparteid essays The idea of apartheid started in South Africa around the year 1910. This all came about when Britain took over South Africa. The British thought that whites should be superior to all other races and that they should live better life styles than anyone that was not white. The rules of apartheid applied to all non - whites, and not just blacks even though blacks made up most of South Africa. The British split these non - whites into 3 racial catagories; Africans,Coloureds(those mixed of African and European descent), and Asians. Under the rules of Apartheid whites had a high standard of living while non - whites suffered from poverty and were very discriminated against. Apartheid was especially harsh on blacks. blacks could not vote and it was unheard of for a black person to be in politics. All non - whites had to carry a passbook that included information such as place of birth, date of birth, race, place of employment, and tax records. All non - whites were restricted to live on their designated reserve. The Native Land Act prevented non - whites from buying or owning land outside their reserve. The Group Areas Act divided 13 percent of South Africa into 10 homelands for black population. The rest of south Africa was reserved for whites. Coloureds and Asians lived within the white areas in segregated towns. Even though whites only took up one fifth of the population they still owned much more land than the four fifths of non - whites. Only one fourth of the whites lived on farms while the rest lived in cities. Almost all non - whites lived on farm areas and their homes were small huts made of sod and grass. They looked sort of like cone shaped beehives. These areas were called townships. Most blacks would leave their townships when they were teenagers to find work or to find land for mining. ...

Should the UK government restore the 50% additional rate of income tax Essay - 2

Should the UK government restore the 50% additional rate of income tax - Essay Example In the United Kingdom, the income tax rate is about 22%/. This is the rate that majority of the citizens will pay. It is worth nothing that this is termed as the marginal tax rate and will only be paid on incomes the respective tax threshold. In the United Kingdom, the threshold for tax is 5575 pounds for 07-80. Therefore, if a person earns 6225 pounds, the tax payer will be required to pay at22% which is equivalent to 1000 pounds of earning. Therefore, if a person is paid 6225 pounds, he is required to pay 100 pounds as tax. It is noted that 10% of income tax rate for income between 5226 and 7455 pounds. This was removed during the budget of 2007 as the main cut fundamental rate from 24 per cent to 22 per cent. The history of income tax first appeared in 1799. It was introduced by William Pitt: he was the younger to pay the Napoleonic wars that were initially 2d in the incomes pound over 60 pounds. Recently, in the mid of 1980s, the fundamental rate reached an income rate of 33 per cent. The United Kingdom has a marginal tax rate system. Meaning that the income tax is charged on income that is above certain levels. Therefore, it means that if a person earns 200000 pounds, the tax payer is required to pay half of the whole 200000 pounds. A tax payer is expected to pay half on the income earned above 150000 after including the personal allowance. The income tax rate in 2009 and 2010 is as shown below: The labour government of the previous regime increased the income tax rate from 40 per cent to 50 percent in the year 2010. The current UK government reduced that amount to 45 per cent starting April last year. The discussion formed the main focus in the pioneering election. Any person that receives a taxable income like pensions, interest on savings, and salaries in United Kingdom is subjected to income tax. After a personal allowance worth 9440 pounds that was due to increase to 10000 pounds from the effect of the tax rate. Currently, a

19th art history, urban Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

19th art history, urban - Term Paper Example After the Second World War, the buildings put up were nothing but cheap, which were certain to go down in thirty to fifty years. The bumbling constructions represent a rejection of the past and the future. They do not communicate to any of their own age, hence; we are unwilling to invest in them. Nor do we worry about conventional solutions to the tribulations of climate and lighting since we boast expertise to solve these tribulations (Howard 43). Chronological connectivity gives value and pride to ones living. It puts us in contact with the eternities and ages, thus with the sacred. The course of indifference from the past and the future and from the cycles of climate and light ends up withdrawing us morally and impoverishing us communally (Howard 44). The principles of modern urbanism are the core element of development is the neighborhood which is diverse, restricted in the physical dimension with a focused hub and clear boundaries. The resultant units are districts and corridors. The buildings are restricted to distinguish public space. The street blueprint is a network to form substitute routes among neighborhoods. Public buildings are symbolic and serve as landmarks. An architectural policy may be devised in nonexistence of an accord (Howard

Successful Business Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Successful Business - Assignment Example Up gradation of systems and software is always an issue and to keep up with the fast pace of the IT industry, upgrading regularly is essential to keep abreast with competition Training Continuous training for the managers is a must to provide motivation, leadership skills and 'on job' skills b) Factors critical for successful business / organizations - These factors can be grouped under five main critical factors Employee management Training of staff regularly so that they may update their skills based on the latest technologies available Hiring the right people for the right job profile. This is essential because at times the qualified people have skills to achieve a job but may not have the right attitude and the mindset. Also transferable skills and number skills are extremely pertinent for managers There needs to be clarity in the chain of command and issues between management and staff need to be sorted out as amicably as possible. Infrastructure and investments Having the latest technology and the systems is extremely critical in the age of today. Efficiency of the workers is dependent upon the efficacy of the tools that they have been provided and better efficacy at work leads to loyal customers and therefore, profits Re investments of profits is required to keep up with the changing times and to be able to react quickly to the market changes and trends. Leadership A visionary leader which has foresight and can aid his managers in forward thinking is a must for a business which has a desire to grow rapidly Regular training for the managers is essential for them to learn and imbibe skills like leadership Marketing of services It is important to market the services to the customer not only through the right medium but also with the right...Their use of '=' for continuation of speech and the timing was mentioned in brackets. The transcription also used all the specific protocols to be followed like ':' for elongated pronunciation of words etc. Hiring the right people for the right job profile. This is essential because at times the qualified people have skills to achieve a job but may not have the right attitude and the mindset. Also transferable skills and number skills are extremely pertinent for managers Having the latest technology and the systems is extremely critical in the age of today. Efficiency of the workers is dependent upon the efficacy of the tools that they have been provided and better efficacy at work leads to loyal customers and therefore, profits Some companies rely on loyalty for customer retention while the new entrants need to build that confidence before they can gain loyal customers. For this one needs to deliver service within budget and time constraints. Lastly, it is essential to understand that it is not enough to provide the best cost to the customer. The need of the hour is to provide the customer with a 'balanced value' - the best service at the best price. d) Certain guidelines to reduce staff turnover - high staff turnover can at times become an issue and may become an obstacle for an organizatio

Accreditation Process Essay Example for Free

Accreditation Process Essay Accreditation refers to the recognition given to institutions which have fully met specific standards of educational quality by an agency or an association. In the US, the relevant agencies undertake a review of education quality at all levels including elementary, secondary, colleges and universities. The agencies set basic standards reflecting the qualities of sound educational programs (Hasley et al, 1986 pp 66). They then develop procedures aimed at determining whether the institutions and programs meet the set standards. Many other countries lack accreditation systems like those used in the US and instead rely mainly on government agencies to check their education quality and standards. In Canada, provincial government authorities work closely with private educational associations in periodically assessing the quality of universities, colleges and schools. Accreditation offers standards of excellence that help in encouraging educational institutions in improving their programs. It also provides accountability for institutions’ educational policy, and creates criteria for certifying professions like medicine and law.   Furthermore, it helps prospective students to identify quality institutions, while facilitating student transfer from an institution to another. Accreditation is also among the factors used in determining the institutions and programs eligible for receiving federal and private funds. The accreditation procedure for any agency entails five fundamental stages, each of which has many other subtasks under it. First, the agency must establish the criteria or standards of academic excellence in consultation with the educational institution being accredited. The second stage involves development of procedures enabling institutions to evaluate themselves deeply, to help in determining if they meet the set accreditation standards or not. In case they do not meet the established standards, the institutions must go back to the drawing board and make the necessary adjustments and improvements to satisfy the required demands. Depending on the level of compliance, this may require the institution to invest some more time and resources and resources into it. Thirdly, the agency performs an evaluation aimed at determining first-hand if the institution really meets the set standards. This involves examining the institution’s facilities as well as its resources, both physical and human. This is done until the agency is fully convinced that the institution meets its minimum requirements. The evaluation is done by the agencies’ experts, who are usually armed with specific requirements for accreditation. Fourthly, the agency then grants the accreditation to the institution after it is convinced that the necessary requirements have been met. It then publishes a list of institutions that have met similar requirements and have been awarded accreditation by the agency, including the time of the accreditation. Finally, the agency periodically reviews these institutions to find out if they still maintain educational quality standards. This is done to ensure the institutions do not compromise on the quality of educational standards. All accreditation agencies utilize these steps even though inspection procedures and specific criteria differ depending on the agency. Current issues in the accreditation process Problems of the Law School Accreditation Process For the past ten or so years, the American Bar Association’s accrediting arm has faced a lot of criticism with regard to its standards. The association has been accused of having poorly monitored standards that are not related to law school quality (Marty et al, 1991). Critics are of the view that ABA’s accreditation standards lack correlation with professional competence and institutional quality. The accreditation process puts emphasis on high cost inputs; like requirements for physical facilities, library collections and the number of professors available. Moreover, it considers test scores at law school admission, which has been criticized as not being related to professional skills and academic achievement. The association has also been accused of restricting low income students and minorities by putting too much emphasis on standardized tests as well as raising tuition fees (Luebchow, 2007). The critics have accused the ABA of being inconsistent and using secret rules, which are not made public or disclosed to schools, to make accreditation decisions. The Department of Education has also complained about ABA’s failure in abiding by the department’s specific requirements (Hagan, 2004 pp201). The Congress has also raised concerns about the association’s accreditation. Both the federal officials and law schools have often disapproved ABA’s accreditation process from the early 1990s. The Massachusetts School of Law, which has itself not been accredited, has for long strongly criticized the association. In 1993 the school sued ABA citing violation of antitrust law because it functioned as a cartel and set unfair standards that only raised costs, yet were not connected to law school quality. The Justice Department filed a similar suit in 1994, leading to a ten year consent decree, which is now defunct (Hagan, 2004). The Education Department has also crossed heads with the association over its failure to comply with the department’s criteria for recognition since the 1990s. These deficiencies led to the limiting of the association’s recognition to just three years in 1997. Later in 1998, the Education Department’s staff recommended the limiting, suspending or terminating the association’s recognition as nationally recognized accreditation agency (Luebchow, 2007).